Saturday, January 25, 2020
Background To Al Tayeb Salih English Language Essay
Background To Al Tayeb Salih English Language Essay The current research addresses the dilemma of translating cultural terms especially in literary works. It aims at shedding some light on the problems that translators, particularly between Arabic and English, face with dealing with cultural terms and on the decisions made by these translators to overcome these problems. The Wedding of Zein, written by the Sudanese distinguished novelist Al-Tayeb Salih and translated into English by the well-known translator Denys Johnson-Davies, has been chosen as a study case to be analysed. The data collected will be categorised according to the procedures proposed by Vladimir Ivir (1997) and by the scale of domestication (translators visibility) and foreignsation (translators invisibility) proposed by Lawrence Venuti (1995/1998). The current study, however, consists of four main sections. In the first section, the background of the novel, the writer, and the translator is highlighted. Moreover, the aims of the study and the methodology are stated. The second section reviews the techniques and procedures put forwarded by different translation theorists, with special focus on Ivirs work (1997). The work of Venuti (1995/1998) is discussed in section two. The data collected from the source text and the translated text will be analysed in section three. Finally, section four contains the conclusion and the findings. 1.1 Background to Al-Tayeb Salih and The Wedding of Zein Al-Tayeb Salih (full name: Al-Tayeb Mohammed Salih Ahmed) 1929-2009. He was a well-known Sudanese novelist and short-story writer. He was born in a small village called Karmakoul in northern Sudan and died in London. Buried in Sudan, his funeral was attended by the Sudanese president. His father was Sufi and named his son after a famous Sufism sheikh. He had spent his childhood in his small village before he moved to Khartoum to get a degree in Science. Later, he moved to England and attended the University of London to get a degree in the International Political Affairs. Al-Tayeb started his career life as a headmaster for a short time before he moved to work in the Arabic section in the BBC and, later, headed the drama section in it. Then, he came back to work in the Sudanese radio before he moved to Qatar and worked as a supervisor in the Ministry of Information. He ended up the last ten years in his career life with UNESCO in Paris and Gulf Area. It is worthy mentioning here that during his work in the BBC, Al-Tayeb used to write, for more than ten years, a weekly column for a London- based Arabic magazine called al Majalla in which he explored various literary issues. Moving from one country to another and from one city to another spurs Al-Tayeb to highlight the conflict between the Western and Eastern cultures and the differences between the Arab world and the Western world in his writings. In an interview (MBC 1994), Al-Tayeb mentions that he starts his literary life as a poet and that: نؠنØلؠ³Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ Ø ¯ÃƒËœÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ÙŠوننؠؠ¨ Øلؠ´ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¹ÃƒËœÃ‚ ± وننؠ´ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¯Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ ÙˆØلؠ³ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¨ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¨ Ù†¡Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ ØÙ†Ùâ€ Ø Ù†¦ÃƒËœÃ‚ ·ÃƒËœÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¨Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ نؠ¯Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ Ù†¦ÃƒËœ Ø ¨ÃƒËœÃƒËœÃ‚ «ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¨ÃƒËœÃƒËœÃ‚ ª ØÙ†Ùâ€ Ø Ø ¬ÃƒËœÃ‚ ²ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¡ Ù†¦Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ Øلؠ¹ÃƒËœÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Øلؠ¹ÃƒËœÃ‚ ±ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¨Ãƒâ„¢Ã… My translation: We, the Sudaneses, love and recite poetry because we always need to proof our affiliation to the Arab World. Al-Tayeb, who is entitled the genius of the Arabic novel in the literary circles, belongs to the modern Arabic Realistic School which includes big names like Naguib Mahfouz (1911-2006) and Taha Hussein (1889- 1973) and many others. He wrote three novels and some short stories. His novels which gained a world-wide reputation and translated into many languages are: Ù†¦Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ Ø ³Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Øلن¡ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¬ÃƒËœÃ‚ ±ÃƒËœÃ‚ © Øلن° Øلؠ´Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ÃƒËœÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ The season of migration to the north (1966), Ø ¹ÃƒËœÃ‚ ±ÃƒËœÃ‚ ³ Øلؠ²Ãƒâ„¢Ã… Ù†The wedding of Zein (1969) and Ø ¨Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ø ¯ÃƒËœÃ‚ ±ÃƒËœÃ‚ ´ÃƒËœÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Bandarshah in two parts (1971/1979). Some critics claim that these novels form a trilogy similar to Naguib Mahfouzs famous trilogy (1956-1957). The season of migration to the north is translated into thirty languages and chosen among the best 100 novels in the world and in 2001 it is declared the best Arabic novel in the twentieth century by the Arab Literary Academy. His novel The Wedding of Zein was made into a drama in Libya and into a film by the Kuwaiti filmmaker Khalid Siddiq who won an award in the Cannes Festival in the late 1970s. In 2005, Newsweek magazine chose Al-Tayeb among the most 43 influential characters in the Arab World and despite that he did not win Noble Prize, he was always one of the strongest candidates for it. In recognition of his contribution to the Arabic literature, a film, produced by Al- Jazeera Documentary, highlighting the different stages of Al-Tayebs life has been released in his first death anniversary in February 2010. In his second death anniversary, an award named Al-Tayeb Salih International Award for Creative Writing has been launched. Ø ¹ÃƒËœÃ‚ ±ÃƒËœÃ‚ ³ Øلؠ²Ãƒâ„¢Ã… Ù†, or The Wedding of Zein, is Al-Tayebs second successful novel in which he mixes reality with myth to form what is called ØلوØقؠ¹Ãƒâ„¢Ã… Ø © Øلؠ³ÃƒËœÃ‚ Ø ±Ãƒâ„¢Ã… Ø © Magic Realism. The novel is about a young villager called Zein. He is odd in appearance and behaviour. Sometimes he is naÃÆ' ¯ve or Darwish and sometimes you find him chasing the girls of the village from one place to another. What is funny that Zein has made a reputation for himself as the man who falls in love over and over with girls who promptly marry other men; to the point where mothers seek him out in hopes that he will draw the eye of suitors to their daughters. One aspect of Zeins strangeness is that: ÙÅ ولØ ¯ Øلؠ£ÃƒËœÃ‚ ·Ãƒâ„¢Ã‚ ØÙ„ ٠ؠ³Ãƒâ„¢Ã… Ø ªÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¨Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ Ù†ØلؠÙÅ ØØ © Ø ¨ÃƒËœÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒËœÃ‚ µÃƒËœÃ‚ ±Ãƒâ„¢Ã… Ø ®ÃƒËœÃ…’ ولكÙ†ÙÅ Ø ±Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ Ù†° Ø £Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ Øلؠ²Ãƒâ„¢Ã… Ù†وØلؠ¹Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¯ÃƒËœÃ‚ © Ø ¹Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ° Ø £Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ ÙˆØلنؠ³ÃƒËœÃƒËœÃ‚ ¡ ØللØØ ¦Ãƒâ„¢Ã… ؠؠ¶ÃƒËœÃ‚ ±Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ولØØ ¯ÃƒËœÃ‚ ªÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ÃƒËœÃƒËœÃ…’ Ø £Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ Ù„ Ù†¦ÃƒËœ Ù†¦ÃƒËœÃ‚ ³ Øلؠ£ÃƒËœÃ‚ ±ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¶ÃƒËœÃ…’ Øن٠ؠ¬ÃƒËœÃ‚ ± Ø ¶ÃƒËœÃƒËœÃ‚ ÙƒØ. Ù ˆØ ¸Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ Ù†¡Ãƒâ„¢Ã†â€™ÃƒËœÃ‚ °ÃƒËœ Ø ·Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ Ù„ Ø ÙÅ ØØ ªÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡. (Ø µÃƒËœÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒËœÃ‚ ØŒ Øلؠ·Ãƒâ„¢Ã… Ø ¨ 7:1986) as is well known, children meet life with screams. With Zein, however, it is recounted- and the authorities for this are his mother and the women who attended his birth- that no sooner did he come into this world than he burst out laughing. And so it was throughout his life. (Salih, Al-Tayeb 1969: 33). The two main characters of the novel, beside Zein, are Al-Haneen, the Sufi Sheikh, who has a good relationship with Zein and represents the mythic side of the novel and Nima, Zeins beautiful rich cousin, who is the only girl that Zein respects and cannot flirt her and she represents the realistic aspect of the novel. The main event of the novel is the marriage of Zein and Nima which shocked all people in the village because it is unusual for ugliness and poverty (Zein) to unite with beauty and richness (Nima). The events of the novel take place in a week; from the spreading of the marriage news to the wedding party which ends up the novel. A Western critic comments on The Wedding of Zein: ÙˆØكؠ«ÃƒËœÃ‚ ± Ù†¦ÃƒËœ ÙÅ Ø ¬ÃƒËœÃ‚ °ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¨Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ÙÅ Øلن° Ø ·ÃƒËœÃ‚ ±Ãƒâ„¢Ã… قؠ© Øلؠ·Ãƒâ„¢Ã… Ø ¨ Ø µÃƒËœÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒËœÃ‚ Ù ÙÅ ØلكØ ªÃƒËœÃƒËœÃ‚ ¨ÃƒËœÃ‚ © Ù†¡Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ Ù†¦Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ ق٠ن¡ Ø ÙÅ ØÙ„ ØلقØ ±Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ ÙÅ ÙÅ Ù†Øلؠ°Ãƒâ„¢Ã… نيكؠªÃƒËœÃ‚ ¨ Ø ¹Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ù†¡Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Øنن¡ ÙÅ Ø ±ÃƒËœÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Ø ¨Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ø ¸ÃƒËœÃ‚ ±ÃƒËœÃ‚ © Ù†¦ÃƒËœÃ‚ ±ÃƒËœÃ‚ Ø ©ÃƒËœÃ…’ ÙˆÙÅ Ø ¯ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¹Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ ØلقØØ ±ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¦ Øلن° Øلؠ¶ÃƒËœÃ‚ Ùƒ Ùâ € ¦Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ù†¡Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ [1] ، Øوؠ¹Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ° ØÙ„Øقل Øلن° ØÙ„ØØ ¨ÃƒËœÃ‚ ªÃƒËœÃ‚ ³ÃƒËœÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ [2] . Ø ºÃƒâ„¢Ã… Ø ± Øنن¡ÃƒËœÃ‚ °ÃƒËœ Øلن¦Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ ق٠ÙŠنؠ·Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ ÙÅ ØØ ³ÃƒËœÃƒËœÃ‚ ³ÃƒËœ Ø ¹Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ° ØلؠªÃƒËœÃ‚ ¹ÃƒËœÃƒËœÃ‚ ·Ãƒâ„¢Ã‚ . ٠ؠؠªÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ° Ø ¹Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ø ¯Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ÃƒËœ نؠ¬ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¯Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Ù†¦ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¶ÃƒËœÃ‚ ÙƒÙÅ Ù†للØ ºÃƒËœÃƒâ„¢Ã… Ø ©ÃƒËœÃ…’ Ù Øنؠ¬Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒâ„¢Ã… Ø ¹ Øلؠ´ÃƒËœÃ‚ ®ÃƒËœÃ‚ µÃƒâ„¢Ã… ØØ ª Ø ªÃƒËœÃ‚ Ø ªÃƒâ„¢Ã‚ Ø ¸ Ø ¨Ãƒâ„¢Ã†â€™Ã ƒËœÃ‚ ±ÃƒËœÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ÃƒËœÃ‚ ªÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ÃƒËœÃƒËœÃ…’ ÙˆØÙ†ÙÅ Ù„ØØ ¬ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¯ Ù ÙÅ Ù†¡ÃƒËœÃ‚ °ÃƒËœ ن٠ؠؠ© Ù†¦Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ø ¹ÃƒËœÃ‚ ´ÃƒËœÃ‚ © Ø ¨ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¹ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¯ Ù†¦ÃƒËœÃ‚ ·ÃƒËœÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¹ÃƒËœÃƒËœÃ‚ ªÃƒâ„¢Ã… للØ ¹ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¯Ãƒâ„¢Ã… Ø ¯ Ù†¦Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ Øلؠ±Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ ØÙÅ ØØ ª ØÙ„ØÙ†كلÙÅ Ø ²Ãƒâ„¢Ã… Ø © ÙˆØÙ„ØÙ†¦Ãƒâ„¢Ã… Ø ±Ãƒâ„¢Ã… ÙƒÙÅ Ø ©ÃƒËœÃ…’ ØلؠªÃƒâ„¢Ã… ÙÅ Ø ¨ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¯Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ Ù ÙÅ Ù†¡ÃƒËœ كل Øنؠ³ÃƒËœÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ø ¹ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¯Ãƒâ„¢Ã… Ù†¦ ØلقÙÅ Ù†¦ÃƒËœÃ‚ ©ÃƒËœÃ…’ ؠؠªÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ° Ùâ €žÃ™Å Ø ªÃƒËœÃ‚ ³ÃƒËœÃƒËœÃ‚ ¡Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ ØلقØØ ±ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¦ Ø ¹Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ÃƒËœ ؠؠ¯ÃƒËœ Ø ¨ÃƒËœÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¤Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒâ„¢Ã‚ Øلن° ØلكØ ªÃƒËœÃƒËœÃ‚ ¨ÃƒËœÃ‚ © Ø ¹Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ù†¦ÃƒËœÃ‚ «Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ Ù†¡ÃƒËœÃ‚ °Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ Øلؠ´ÃƒËœÃ‚ ®ÃƒËœÃ‚ µÃƒâ„¢Ã… ØØ ª ØلؠªÃƒËœÃƒâ„¢Ã‚ Ù†¡ÃƒËœÃ‚ ©. (Ù†¦ÃƒËœÃ‚ Ù†¦ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¯Ãƒâ„¢Ã… Ø © وؠ¢ÃƒËœÃ‚ ®ÃƒËœÃ‚ ±Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ Ù†1981: 201-202) My translation What attracted me in Al-Tayeb Salihs way of writing is his attitude to the villagers. He sees them in a funny way and invites readers to laugh at them or, at least, smile. However, behind this attitude is a feeling of sympathy. Despite that we find these characters funny, but all of them keep their dignity. I find a refreshing whiff in this. After reading many American and English novels, readers may ask about the reason of writing about some inane characters in these novels. 1.2 A word on the translator of The Wedding of Zein Denys Johnson-Davies (1922- ), a renowned English translator of the Arabic literature, was born in Vancouver, Canada. He had spent his first years in Sudan, Egypt, Uganda, and Kenya, before he was sent to England at age 12. In 1930s, he attended Cambridge University and studied oriental languages. He started his career life with the BBC between 1941 and 1945. In the same year, he moved to Egypt to work in the British Council in Cairo as a translator and then started a journey of more than sixty years with the Arabic literature. In Cairo, he met the pioneers of the modern Arabic literature and made friendships with some many of them. In an interview, Denys states that when I arrived to Egypt in 1945, I was the only translator into English at that timeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I was dictator in my field at that time and I enjoyed this. (AUC 2011).He also expresses his attitude towards translation as a profession: Translation is real hard work. Its also not appreciated. If you get your name anywh ere on the book at all, youre very lucky. I wouldve preferred to have been a writer.'(ibid.). In 2006, he published his memoirs under the title: A life between the lines of Arabic literature. In 2007, he was awarded the Sheikh Zayed Book Award as the Culture Personality of the Year. Referred to as the leading Arabic-English translator of our time by Edward Said, there is no translator in the West who conveyed the Arabic literature to the occidental reader than Denys did. His translations are not limited to one literary genre; he translated short stories, novels, plays, and poems or as he states that when I enjoy reading something, I decide to translate it (ibid.). He is also interested in Islamic studies and is co-translator of three volumes of Prophetic Hadith. Al-Tayeb Salih, however, has a special place for Denys who translated Al-Tayebs all three novels. When asked about his favorite writer to translate, Denys unhesitatingly answered Al-Tayeb Salihà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I feel that his work is very simple, very direct, and that theres nothing pretentious at all about ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I enjoy Al-Tayeb Salih works more than any other Arabic writersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I am a great fan of AL-Tayeb Salih. (ibid.). 1.3 Literary Translation Literary text, as an expressive text type by Reiss (1977/1989), has a set of typical features. Jones (2009:152) summarises a wide range of viewpoints about the features attributed to literary texts: They have a written base-form, though they may also be spoken; they enjoy canonicity (high social prestige); they fulfil an affective/aesthetic rather than transactional or informational function, aiming to provoke emotions and/or entertain rather than influence or inform; they have no real-world truth-value i.e. they are judged as fictional, whether fact-based or not; they feature words, images, etc., with ambiguous and/or indeterminable meanings; they are characterized by poetic language use (where language form is important in its own right, as with word-play or rhyme) and heteroglossia (i.e. they contain more than one voice); and they may draw on minoritized styles styles outside the dominant standard, for example slang or archaism. Depending on the above features of literary works, literary translation is unique in some aspects: First, literary texts, as opposed to non-literary texts, are characterized by rhetorical and aesthetic value, which is the essence expected to be captured and maintained in a literary translation. Literary works are created artistically by increasing the difficulty and length of perception, which leads to defamiliarization (Shklovsky, 1917, quoted in Pilkington, 2000: 18). Once the defamiliarization is comprehended by the translators or readers, a unique sensation is created. To reproduce the rhetorical and aesthetic value is one of the main tasks for literary translators. Second, literary translators choices of wording are highly dependent on the target language (TL) and culture. Literary texts are solidly rooted in the source language (SL) and culture, yet due to linguistic or cultural differences, literal translations might fail to gain acceptability. How to cope with the linguistic and cultural differences is a crucial question for literary translators. Third, a consideration of the target audiences is another important issue in literary translation. Literary translation always has a readership which is likely to be quite different from the one the writer originally had in mind. A good translation of any text from any period will, most often, only be good in the context of a particular audience at a particular time and place. A good English translation of Salihs The Wedding of Zein, for example, for people in England in 1960 might not be a good translation for people in Australia in 2010. Finally, literary translation is a complicated act, and to this effect, there is no definite correct translation; yet there is an appropriate translation according to certain criteria. Stylistic approaches to translation studies supply a theoretical perspective, which identify the style as the essence of literary translations. 1.4 Aims of the study The ultimate aim of the current research is to investigate the extent to which Denys Johnson-Davies is successful in dealing with cultural terms in his translation of The Wedding of Zein. This overall goal can be achieved through a set of research questions: 1. What are the different techniques utilised by the translator to convey Arabic cultural terms into his English translation? 2. Does the translator domesticate or foreignise his translation? 3. Does the translators overall strategy to domesticate or foreignise his translation affect his decision to use some certain techniques rather than others in conveying cultural items? 1.5 Methodology: An Integrated Approach In this research, two approaches will be combined to form the theoretical frame of my dissertation. These two approaches will work together in an attempt to answer the research questions. The first approach is Ivirs (1987) seven procedures to translate cultural items. Although many researchers have proposed different procedures and techniques to translate cultural references, Ivirs procedures have been chosen for their comprehensiveness, clearness, and directness. The other part of this integrated approach is Venutis (1995/1998) work on domestication (translators visibility) and foreignsation (translators invisibility). Ivirs procedures to translate cultural items form the lower layer of this integrated approach. They represent the tools used by the translator to reflect his overall strategy towards the text being translated. The overall strategy is the upper layer which is represented by Venutis domestication or foreignsation. In other words, any translator who is dealing with cultural terms has to make two interrelated decisions. Firstly, he needs to decide whether, depending on some certain considerations such as the reader, the place, and the time, he will domesticate or foreignise his translated text. This is a text-level decision. Secondly, and accordingly, he has to decide which specific procedure to choose to deal with every single cultural term in the text. This is a cultural term-level decision. In order to realise the mechanism of this approach, let us consider this simple example. If a translator into English decides to adopt domestication as his overall strategy (text-level decision) to translate a text from Arabic, he may convey, for example, Ø µÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒËœÃƒËœÃ‚ © Øلن¦ÃƒËœÃ‚ ºÃƒËœÃ‚ ±ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¨ into English by defining it (cultural term-level decision) as: Maghrib Prayer, the fourth daily prayer for Muslims prayed just after the sunset. On the contrary, if he adopts foreignsation as a text-level strategy, he simply translates Ø µÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒËœÃƒËœÃ‚ © Øلن¦ÃƒËœÃ‚ ºÃƒËœÃ‚ ±ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¨ as Maghrib Prayer.
Friday, January 17, 2020
Arts and Politics in Fifth Century Athens
The 5th century proved to be the height of cultural and intellectual progression in Athens. Athens, during the 5th century, is an emerging powerful city-state whose military and organized political system is recognized by the world. At the pinnacle of democratic government within Athens there has been an undergoing active exchange of intellectual activities hailing from the philosophers and the artists which includes poets, tragedians, sculptors, etc. The cultural and intellectual achievements that happened in Athens are equated with its political institution – democracy (Join Association of Classical Teachers, 2003, p. 284).This struggle is an apparent purpose of influencing the masses through public participation whether in debates, tragedies, or any form of rhetoric to be able to persuade people. Philosophers and poets alike became involved in a politically active environment aimed for political power through intellectual influence. Intellectuals such as Aristotle, Sophocle s, Plato, and Socrates became successful in propagating their respective wisdom in different medium such as tragedies or impromptu debates. The latter is most commonly used by Socrates in which he initiated questions about morality, truth, and freedom to a common man.When most thinkers used rhetoric to get political power and influence, Socrates concentrated on the ethical and morality within debates and critical-thinking. In Plato’s Crito, Socrates has criticized the way intellectuals have run the political unit of Athens. He emphasized that is the men who ruled and implemented the laws who are wrong and not the law itself. From this perspective, the intellectuals who run Athens under corrupt ways can be the reason why Socrates did not participate in the politics of Athens.Instead he reached to the ordinary men to ignite debates and makes them realize how it is to be a good citizen behaving under the laws of morality and the laws of the state. This intellectual struggle betw een the philosophers and the poets might have been the glamorous side of Athens, but it also became the cause of its downfall, as intellectual men clouded by self-interests interpreted the Athenian laws in their own hands, thus, even bringing down their wisest thinker of all time. Reference Joint Association of Classical Teachers. (2003). The World of Athens. UK: Cambridge University Press.
Thursday, January 9, 2020
My Family Essay - 1091 Words
No one can’t meet a family like mine’s. My family is well diversified. Every family member plays an important role in all my family’s lives. In my family, there are four people: my father, my mother, my little brother and me. My father is one who brings money home and is also responsible for organizing and planning family trips. My mother is the one who is in charge for making meals and makes sure everyone eats at the appropriate times. My little brother is the pet of the family. He actually doesn’t have any responsibilities, for he’s the pet. I am the rock of support in my family. I always go beyond my parents’ expectations. I also support my younger cousins and little brother, by being a role model that they can look up to. Another†¦show more content†¦Doing what my parents tell me to do is just one of many reasons why I am a rock of support for my family. Not only do I support my parents, but I also support my younger cousins and brother. As an eldest brother and cousin, I feel I must be a good example for the young ones. There are numerous methods of showing my cousins and brother support. One main way is by providing advice on making the right choices. For example my brother had a problem at school with one of his classmates. As a mature and responsible older brother, I advised him to use the non-violent approach. I told him to go discuss the problem and try to resolve it peacefully. My brother then asked me why he shouldn’t fight his classmate. I explained how violence is the answer to anything. I advised him to first talk to his classmate in a professional manner. If then things get out of hand, I told him to let the teacher know the situation. In the end, my brother didn’t need to get the teacher involved. In fact, their conflict was resolved by talking through with each other. I also am very supportive of my little cousins. One way I help them out is by tutoring them once in a while. They come over to my house and I assist them with their school work. Not only I help my cousins with their homework, but I also support them recreationally. I play various sports and activities with them. As their older cousin/brother, I feel I should be a good role model to follow. I am also known for being thereShow MoreRelatedMy Family Of The Family1312 Words  | 6 Pages Because my parents’ families are so different, there are few strengths common to all three family sculptures. One strength that applies in most cases is that children near each other in age tend to have close relationships. My family of origin was broken down into pairs: Steven and Daniel, Julia and Michael, Alyssa and Natalie, and Matthew and Emily. All of these paired relationships were generally healthy, and it was within these pairs that we were assigned roles within the family. Because of thisRead MoreMy Family Of The Family1061 Words  | 5 PagesIntroduction A person’s family of original is their family he or she grew up in (Welch). This could be a family someone was brought up in or adopted into (Welch). In my case, my family of origin is my family related by blood because I grew up in this household my entire life. There are many types of subfamilies such as single parent families, childless or childfree families, stepfamilies, cohabiting, and same sex families. I was raised in a traditional family and so have all my ancestors tracing backRead MoreMy Family : A Family1205 Words  | 5 PagesMy family comes from a very different background between both my parents. In this family tree summary I will describe how my family emigrated from Ireland in the late 1800s and early 1900s to seek a different lifestyle. My mother and father come from very different backgrounds medically and with very different upbringings. My father, John, side of the family is very different from my mothers. My great great grandparents arrived from Ireland in the late 1800s arriving from Dublin in hope for a brighterRead MoreMy Family Of The Family1594 Words  | 7 PagesOur family of origin plays a large role in socializing us. Specifically, our family of origin â€Å"is the family in which we are raised and socialized to adhere to the customs and norms of the culture in which we live†(Welch, 2012, pg. 6). Who our family members are and how they live their lives influences us, helping to make us into the people we become. I owe a lot to all of my family members and a love them all very much. I grew up in a very family oriented environment which makes me place aRead MoreMy Family : A Family1474 Words  | 6 Pageslearned that my family may not be as dysfunctional as I thought. There are many families out there with crazy combinations of who and what makes up their family. 1/3 of people who married ha ve also been divorced before and people normally repartner within 3-5 years. The United States has one of the highest divorce rates, only Russia has a higher rate. My family is made up of my paternal and maternal biological families, my step father s family and some of my step mother s, along with my adoptive familyRead MoreMy Family And My Life1318 Words  | 6 Pages When I was 8, my family and I lived in small house in the city town. Our life was a little bit hard, everyone in the family is always busy, my mom went to work most of the time and my dad, too. My sister and me we both have school during the day and tutoring class after school. Sometimes, I only see my mom twice a week even though she is home everyday at midnight because of her busy work. My dad is in charged of taking me to school and picking me up after tutoring class, but he also have his jobRead MoreMy Family (My New Family) Essay521 Words  | 3 Pagesknowing my true identity? Starring at the pain of growing up not knowing my father, and watching my mother shut me out to be with a man, she hardly even knows? Watching as the pain and struggle has continuously tormented my heart leaving me the only escape of climbing into the unknown. Moving in with my aunt and uncle saved my life; they gave me the family I have always dreamed for. All my life I have questioned who I am? My mother was adopted and my father has been everywhere, but in my life. IRead MoreMy Family : An Extended Family946 Words  | 4 PagesIntroduction to Family My family consist of many people. My Father is Hector Abundis he is a very hard working man who and has been married to my mother Mary for 27 years now. My mom is very strong and also hardworking. I have three older brother Hector Jr is the oldest he’s 29 and is currently in college as well. Next is my brother Arturo he is very intelligent and also the brother I am the closet to. After him is my brother Jesse he is 25 Then, there’s me the baby until my parents adopted my now littleRead MoreDefining Family : My Family1453 Words  | 6 PagesDefining Family My family consist of three people that live in my household. My mother, Janette who is 43 years old African American woman. She has a high school diploma and took some classes at Joliet Junior College, but she drop out because she couldn’t handle it. She works at a warehouse whom she is the team leader and since her income is what supports this family it would put my family in the lower income bracket. My older brother, Dionte who is 26 years old African American man. He has a highRead MoreMy Family Of The Family Tree2126 Words  | 9 PagesI derive most of my identity from my Mother’s side of the family tree, so this autobiography will be a little lopsided; much like my personality. My maternal grandmother’s family came from Sonder Stenderup of Jutland, Denmark and my maternal grandfather’s family is of German descent. The original family name was Gron, however my great grandfather change the surname to Green in order to sound more American. My mothe r’s grandparents came from Jutland, Denmark in 1905 and my grandmother was born in
Wednesday, January 1, 2020
Cult of True Womanhood Womens Suffrage - 1299 Words
In the 1840’s, most of American women were beginning to become agitated by the morals and values that were expected of womanhood. â€Å"Historians have named this the ’Cult of True Womanhood’: that is, the idea that the only ‘true’ woman was a pious, submissive wife and mother concerned exclusively with home and family†(History.com). Voting was only the right of men, but women were on the brink to let their voices be heard. Women pioneers such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott wrote eleven resolutions in The Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments; this historical document demanded abolishment of any laws that authorized unequal treatment of women and to allow for passage of a suffrage amendment. More than three hundred†¦show more content†¦This document became a huge first step forward towards women’s suffrage. Unfortunately, this victory was short-lived due to the newspapers printing derision articles about the convention and tarnishing their exposure of equality. A few days after the convention participates requested to have their signatures removed, due to ridicule from the newspapers. The papers were malicious, predominantly on the subject of female voting. The Philadelphia’s Public Ledger bluntly stated that no woman would want to vote, â€Å"A woman is nobody. A wife is everything. The ladies of Philadelphia, are resolved to maintain their rights as Wives, Belles, Virgins and Mothers†(Rynder). The road to equal rights for women were proving to be difficult in a man’s world. â€Å"Our friends gave us the cold shoulder, and felt themselves disgraced by the whole proceeding, complained Stanton†(Rynder). Refusing to give up, Stanton wrote to every newspaper article in the country to rebuttal against any negative comments that were published about the Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments. In the hope that, â€Å"It will start women thinking, and men, too†stated Stanton (Rynder). Furthermore, Stanton’s aggressive approach helped spread the word about the Seneca FallsShow MoreRelatedA Vindication Of The Rights Of Women1560 Words  | 7 Pagesthat women were granted suffrage. To put that in perspective, in the United States, women have been voting for less than 100 years. With Mary Wollstonecraft’s book, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman: with Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects being published in 1792 and launching 19th century feminism and the fight for women’s rights going since then, many would think that equality would be here by now.Unfortunately, it is not. However, women did receive suffrage in the United States on AugustRead MoreThe Subordinate Status Of Women927 Words  | 4 PagesAmerica due to the implementation of the English doctrine that husbands are legally able to physically discipline their wives and children if deemed necessary (Garcia, 2010; Gelles, 1997). Among the many constructs of the English law, the separate women’s sphere ideology, which designated a woman’s place within her family as a private sphere (i.e. home and family), while a man protected and provided for her through the public sphere (i.e. work and politics) (Garcia, 2010). Although wife batteringRead MoreThe Fight For Women s Rights1359 Words  | 6 Pagesfight for women’s rights has been a long and ongoing battle. It was not until the twentieth century that the majority of women demanded legal and social rights for themselves. Society’s way of thinking in the eighteenth century was a patriarchal and conservative one. Women stayed at home and took care of the family while the men went to work, and while there was some opposition to this, the majority of men and women did not mind. This can be seen in the formation and vast acceptance of the Cult of DomesticityRead MoreThe Fight For Women Suffrage1892 Words  | 8 PagesAbigail Adams’s words were one of the first noted mentions in the United States foreshadowing the beginning of an extensive suppressed battle towards women’s suffrage. The fight for women suffrage was a movement in which women, and some men included, pleaded for equal rights regarding voting and women’s voice within the political realm. Women’s suffrage was not a matter of instant success; it endured a prolonged time to achieve. It was not until August 1920, about 14 decades subsequent after AbigailRead MoreWomen s Suffrage : The Long Resisted Struggle Of Equal Right Voting1905 Words  | 8 PagesNationalizing Women’s Suffrage: The long resisted struggle of equal right voting â€Å"Remember the ladies†, wrote boldly by the soon to be First Lady Abigail Adams to her husband John Adams in March 1776. Abigail Adams’s words were one of the first noted mentions in the United States foreshadowing the beginning of a long suppressed battle towards women’s suffrage. The fight for women suffrage was a movement in which women, and some men included, pleaded for equal rights regarding voting and women’s voiceRead MoreWomen s Suffrage Of Women1435 Words  | 6 PagesAmerica that was achieved through hard work and perseverance. The campaign for women’s suffrage began in earnest in the decades before the Civil War. During the 1820s and 30s. American women were beginning to question what historians called the â€Å"Cult of True Womanhood.†Historians believed that the only â€Å"true†woman was a pious, submissive wife and mother concerned exclusively with home and family (The Fight for Women’s Suffrage. par 2). An important motivator to opposing this way of thinking was TheRead MoreEssay on Womens Equality1376 Words  | 6 PagesIn the 1800’s a women was suppose to have four things Piety, Purity, submissiveness, and domesticity. These principles shaped the â€Å"Cult of True Womanhood†an idea that women were to be seen but not heard. Women had no say when it came to politics, they couldn’t own property, they were not allowed to do many jobs, and they couldn’t even speak in front of men. They had the duty to be a mother and raise their children but e ven thought they had this responsibility it was the husband who had the completeRead MoreWomen s Rights During The Civil War1628 Words  | 7 PagesRight to Vote â€Å"While the word suffrage, derived from the Latin â€Å"Suffragium,†simply refers to the right to vote, the modern connotation specifically calls to mind the women’s suffrage movements of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Part of the larger social movement of Women’s Rights and the fight for equality within patriarchal societies , the Women’s Suffrage Movement in the United States spans a seventy-two year period†(Dolton 31)The campaign for women’s suffrage began in the decades beforeRead MorePublic Activities of Women in the Early United States Essay1947 Words  | 8 PagesUntil more recent scholarly attention in the field of Women’s Studies, the economic history of the colonial United States was almost entirely given from a male perspective. Women in the early United States played a variety of roles in the formation of the new nation, but often times, these roles were dependent on race, class, and geographical distincti ons. Despite the differences, however, overarching patterns existed, reflecting a common public attitude toward women at the time. Economic opportunitiesRead MoreExamining the Cult of Domesticity3661 Words  | 15 Pagesï » ¿During the middle of the nineteenth century, a so-called cult of domesticity arose in the United States and Great Britain predicated upon a number of assumptions regarding the proper role of women in society, and it served to protect male hegemony during a period of historical upheaval. According to Godeys Ladys Book, one of the most successful magazines of the period, the perfection of womanhood... is the wife and mother, the center of the family, that magnet that draws man to the domestic
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